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Singleton (including Bulga and Warkworth)
Important service centre in the Hunter Valley
Singleton is situated on the banks of the Hunter River, 209 km north-west of Sydney via Cessnock. It has an elevation of 73 metres.

The area around Singleton was once occupied by the Wanaruah people. Because few written records of Aboriginal Australia were kept and because their communities and cultural practices were so devastated by the spread of agriculture, pastoralism and white settlement it is difficult to make firm assertions about life in pre-colonial Australia. However, it is known that the Wanaruah favoured goannas as a food source, covering larger animals in hot ashes and stuffing them with grass. They also adopted burning off practices as the new shoots which emerged after fire attracted kangaroos which they surrounded and killed with clubs and spears (du-rane) barbed with sharp stones. They also used stone axes (mogo) made of hard volcanic rock bound to a wooden handle. As ironbark is slow to burn it was utilised as a transportable fire-stick while stringybark was used to make a twine employed in fishing and basket-making.

Expeditions led by William Parr in 1817, Benjamin Singleton in 1818 and John Howe in 1819 ventured north from Windsor to the land west of Singleton. The latter party was searching for new grazing land. Guided by an Aboriginal known as Myles they followed what is now known as Doyle's Creek (see entry on Jerry's Plains ) to its junction with a river which they briefly followed eastwards.

Howe returned in 1820 to explore this river and, again guided by Myles, they continued east along the river to a site just east of present-day Singleton. It being nearly St Patrick's Day Howe named the area St Patrick's Plains and it subsequently became known as Patrick's Plains. Only when they reached Wallis Plains (Maitland) did they realise the river they had been following was the Hunter.

Howe reported: "On our way down the river we came thro as fine a country as imagination can form...fit for cultivation and equally so for grazing". He also noted the relative ease of passage for cattle from Windsor. He was immediately granted land east of the present townsite.

Benjamin Singleton, a member of Howe's 1820 party, was in occupation of land by 1821 and was appointed district constable in 1823. He started an agistment enterprise on the banks of the river at what became known as Singleton's Ford (where the New England Highway now crosses the Hunter). When he established the Barley Mow Inn on the site in 1827 a settlement began to emerge.

The area was officially opened up for settlement in 1823 and large numbers followed by bullock power along the new track. Large pastoral estates, aristocratic in tone, were granted to men of substantial capital who utilised convict labour to improve their properties. Their authority over these men was reiterated by the fact that the most wealthy were made the first magistrates. Indeed one, James Mudie, acquired a reputation for his harshness (see entry on Baroona for more information). There were few small landowners.

Both grazing and agriculture soon commenced with wheat and tobacco proving early staples. Benjamin Singleton established a punt service across the river and the ford became a favourite river crossing for those headed north. He opened a flour mill on the riverbank in 1829 to process their grain and a post office was established at his inn the same year. Proper roads were in place by 1831. It was Singleton's grant which, when subdivided in 1836, formed the basis of the town.

The first church to be built was Presbyterian (1838) with Anglican and Catholic establishments erected in the 1840s. By 1841, when Singleton built the first courthouse, there were 431 recorded residents in the township and 2659 in the police district of Patrick's Plains.

The government attempted to make Whittingham the official township and, though the venture failed, the local denominational school was located there for some years. Singleton cut a 3-km track through the bush to the school so the children would not lose their way.

The depression of the early 1840s nearly brought the town to a standstill but it recovered with the help of a boiling-down works which increased the profit from sheep and cattle. By 1853 there were ten licensed inns. When the railway arrived in 1863 Singleton's economy boomed as it became the base for those continuing northwards via coach or dray. It soon became the main commercial centre, which it remains today.

Although its status as northern railhead was short-lived (passing on to Muswellbrook in 1869) Singleton benefited from the boom and through-traffic by the construction of a dual carriage railway/road traffic bridge in 1866, the year the town became a municipality. Moreover, the fertility of the area's soil guaranteed ongoing prosperity.

Small amounts of coal were being uncovered by 1850 and the first mine opened around 1860 at Rix Creek, 5 km north of town along the highway. By the late 19th century there were said to be 16 mines operating in the district.

The army camp was established in 1941 and it remains to this day. Singleton was declared a shire in 1976.

Today the local economy is diverse and healthy and consequently the population increased from 9572 in 1981 to about 20 500 in 1997. The principal sources of income are dairying, beef cattle, viticulture, vegetable growing, coalmining, power generation, tourism, commerce and the large army base. Coal is now uppermost. There are 18 coalmining operations in the shire which employed 4000 people and produced 46 million tonnes of coal in 1996 (40 per cent of the state's output). 70 per cent is exported and some used for local power generation. Most of the mines are open-cut. Dairying is also significant. One-quarter of the Hunter Valley's milk production comes from this area. The local stock yards are the fourth-largest in cash terms in NSW. There are also major vineyards and wineries at Broke.